Surgical Correction of a Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect with Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections Using Cardiac Computed Tomography Imaging and a 3D-Printed Model.

Sinus venosus atrial septal defects (SVASDs), concurrent with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections (PAPVCs), are a rare congenital heart disease in dogs. Surgical correction is essential when clinical signs or significant hemodynamic changes are present. We aimed to report on the successful surgical correction of an SVASD with PAPVCs, using a computed tomography (CT)-based customized 3D cardiac model. A 10-month-old male poodle was referred for corrective surgery for an ASD. Echocardiography confirmed a hemodynamically significant left-to-right shunting flow through an interatrial septal defect and severe right-sided heart volume overload. For a comprehensive diagnosis, a CT scan was performed, which confirmed an SVASD with PAPVCs. A customized 3D cardiac model was used for preoperative decision-making and surgical rehearsal. The defect was repaired using an autologous pericardial patch under a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Temporary pacing was applied for sinus bradycardia and third-degree atrioventricular block. The patient recovered from the anesthesia without further complications. The pacemaker was removed during hospitalization and the patient was discharged without complications 2 weeks post-surgery. At the three-month follow-up, there was no shunting flow in the interatrial septum and the right-sided volume overload had been resolved. The cardiac medications were discontinued, and there were no complications. This report indicates the validity of surgical correction under CPB for an SVASD with PAPVCs, and the advantages of utilizing a CT-based 3D cardiac model for preoperative planning to increase the surgical success rate.

Laparoscopic treatment of paraprostatic cyst in two dogs - complete resection, and partial resection with omentalization: a case report.

Two intact male dogs were evaluated for symptoms, including hematuria, prostatomegaly, anuria, lethargy, and abdominal mass. Presurgical evaluations, including complete physical examinations, blood examinations, abdominal radiography with contrast (only in Case 2), ultrasonography, and computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (only in Case 1), were performed. A paraprostatic cyst was diagnosed initially, and laparoscopic exploration and surgery were performed. Complete resection was performed in case 1, whereas partial resection with omentalization was performed in case 2. Histopathological examination of the tissue samples confirmed the presence of paraprostatic pseudocysts in both cases, with no evidence of an epithelial lining. These two cases represent the first documented instances of laparoscopic treatment for extraparenchymal prostatic cysts. The laparoscopic treatment proved feasible even in the case of a giant cyst causing anuria (Case 2). Paraprostatic cysts should be considered a potential differential diagnosis for abnormal urination accompanied by an abdominal mass, and long-term postoperative follow-up is necessary.

Partial Venous Inflow Occlusion under Mild Hypothermia for Membranectomy in a Dog with Cor Triatriatum Dexter.

Cor triatriatum dexter (CTD) is an uncommon congenital cardiac anomaly in dogs. This case report describes successful membranectomy for CTD via partial venous inflow occlusion under mild hypothermia in a dog. A 7-month-old intact male mixed-breed dog weighing 20.5 kg presented with a history of abdominal distention, lethargy, and anorexia. Clinical examination, radiography, echocardiography, microbubble testing, and computed tomography revealed a remnant right atrium membrane obscuring the venous blood inflow from the vena cava. Considering the potential risk of re-stenosis following interventional treatment, curative resection involving surgical membranectomy via venous inflow occlusion was performed. By performing partial venous inflow occlusion under mild hypothermia (34.5 °C), sufficient time was obtained to explore the defect and resect the remnant membrane. The dog recovered without any complications, and the clinical signs were relieved. This case illustrates that partial venous inflow occlusion under mild hypothermia is feasible for achieving curative resection of cor triatriatum dexter in dogs.

Thyroid carcinosarcoma masquerading as a paraesophageal abscess in a Cane Corso dog.

A 12-year-old castrated male Cane Corso dog was presented with cervical swelling, lethargy, anorexia, and cough. An extensive neck mass with necrotic cysts was observed, severely adherent to surrounding tissues. Based on diagnostic imaging including ultrasound, computed tomography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology, paraesophageal abscess was tentatively diagnosed. However, after the mass was surgically removed, a diagnosis of thyroid carcinosarcoma composed of neoplastic cell populations with epithelial and mesenchymal origins was made via histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The dog died of a recurrent mass with pulmonary metastasis 105 d after surgery. This report describes a rare type of canine thyroid cancer, thyroid carcinosarcoma, preoperatively masquerading as an abscess and postoperatively confirmed by histopathology. Key clinical message: Thyroid carcinosarcoma, despite its rarity in dogs, should be included in the differential diagnoses of cervical mass especially with an aggressive progression.

Carcinosarcome thyroïdien déguisé en abcès paraoesophagien chez un chien Cane Corso. Un chien Cane Corso mâle castré de 12 ans a été présenté avec de l'enflure cervicale, de la léthargie, de l'anorexie et une toux. Une masse étendue du cou avec des kystes nécrotiques a été observée, adhérente fortement aux tissus environnants. Sur la base de l'imagerie diagnostique comprenant l'échographie, la tomodensitométrie et la cytologie par aspiration à l'aiguille fine, un abcès paraoesophagien a été provisoirement diagnostiqué. Cependant, après l'ablation chirurgicale de la masse, un diagnostic de carcinosarcome thyroïdien composé de populations de cellules néoplasiques d'origine épithéliale et mésenchymateuse a été posé par histopathologie et immunohistochimie. Le chien est décédé d'une masse récurrente avec métastase pulmonaire 105 jours après la chirurgie. Ce rapport décrit un type rare de cancer de la thyroïde canine, le carcinosarcome thyroïdien, se faisant passer pour un abcès en préopératoire et confirmé en postopératoire par histopathologie.Message clinique clé:Le carcinosarcome thyroïdien, malgré sa rareté chez le chien, doit être inclus dans les diagnostics différentiels de masse cervicale surtout à évolution agressive.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Granulomatous Inflammation and Pericarditis Induced by Silk Granuloma Related to Previous Surgical Ligation of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in a Dog.

Surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus is regarded as a standard treatment approach with a low complication rate if performed by experienced surgeons, and it has been performed successfully for decades in dogs. However, there are no reports describing the clinical symptoms related to granulomatous inflammation after the surgical ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus. This report describes the clinical symptoms caused by granulomatous inflammation and subacute pericarditis in a dog that had undergone the surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus 2 years previously. Exploratory thoracotomy was performed for subtotal pericardiectomy, and a biopsy was performed to obtain specimens for histopathological examination and culture tests. The clinical symptoms were relieved after surgery. The persistent leukocytosis improved with steroid administration. This case illustrates that the granulomatous inflammatory response associated with silk suture granuloma is a rare postoperative complication of ductal ligation. In such cases, pericardiectomy can help relieve the clinical symptoms.

Laparoscopic colopexy for recurrent rectal prolapse in a Maltese dog.

A 2.5-kg castrated male Maltese dog, suspected to be older than 10 y, was presented with a prolapsed mass at the anus. This had occurred on 2 previous occasions within the last 4 mo and had been managed with manual reduction and purse-string sutures. The rectal prolapse had viable tissue and was reducible but resulted in straining and fecal accumulation. Colopexy (with intracorporeal sutures) was performed laparoscopically using 3 ports; the distal colon was retracted cranially and attached to the abdominal wall with 3 simple interrupted sutures in a single row. The dog recovered uneventfully, had good appetite and normal activity, did not strain, and defecated without issues. There were no wound-healing complications and at 12-month post-operative examination, the patient was in good condition without clinical signs. Based on this case report, laparoscopic colopexy is clinically practical for management of rectal prolapse in small-breed dogs.

Colopexie laparoscopique pour prolapsus rectal récurrent chez un chien maltais. Un chien maltais mâle castré de 2,5 kg, suspecté d'avoir plus de 10 ans, a été présenté avec une masse faisant prolapsus à l'anus. Cela s'était produit à deux reprises au cours des quatre derniers mois et avait été géré avec une réduction manuelle et des sutures en bourse. Le prolapsus rectal avait des tissus viables et était réductible mais a entraîné des efforts et une accumulation fécale. La colopexie (avec sutures intracorporelles) a été réalisée par laparoscopie à l'aide de trois ouvertures; le côlon distal a été rétracté crânialement et attaché à la paroi abdominale avec trois sutures interrompues simples en une seule rangée. Le chien s'est rétabli sans incident, avait un bon appétit et une activité normale, ne s'est pas fatigué et a déféqué sans problème. Il n'y avait pas de complications de cicatrisation et lors de l'examen postopératoire de 12 mois, le patient était en bon état sans signes cliniques. Sur la base de ce rapport de cas, la colopexie laparoscopique est cliniquement pratique pour la gestion du prolapsus rectal chez les chiens de petite race.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Retroperitoneal Metastatic Apocrine Gland Ductal Adenocarcinoma in a Beagle Dog.

Tumors of sweat glands usually originate from apocrine glands and can develop throughout the body but are rare in dogs. This report describes the retroperitoneal metastasis of primary cutaneous apocrine adenocarcinoma. An 8-year-old, spayed female beagle dog, weighing 11.7 kg, presented with a history of anorexia, hypodynamia, and weight loss. Clinical examination, radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography revealed a skin mass on the dorsum of the right metatarsal region, an enlarged ipsilateral popliteal lymph node, and a retroperitoneal mass. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the popliteal lymph node suggested metastasis of an apocrine sweat gland tumor. Surgical excision of the skin mass, popliteal lymph node, and retroperitoneal mass was performed. The retroperitoneal mass was diagnosed as a metastasis of primary cutaneous apocrine adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin 7 but negative for cytokeratin 20 and S100 proteins. There were no postoperative complications, except for temporary hindlimb edema, including local recurrence or metastasis, in the 6-month postoperative follow-up period. This case illustrates that although malignant apocrine gland tumors are rare in dogs, a wide resection of primary cutaneous apocrine gland adenocarcinomas is recommended because of the risk of local invasion or distant metastasis.

Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder in a Shih Tzu dog.

A 10-year-old intact male Shih Tzu dog presented with hematuria. Double-contrast cystography revealed a polypoid filling defect at the apex of the urinary bladder. Ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneously hypoechoic intramural mass with minimal vascular flow beneath the submucosal layer. After partial cystectomy, a well-demarcated bladder leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed on histopathology. The patient was alive and well without any clinical signs, recurrence, or metastasis at the 29-month follow-up after the surgical removal of the bladder mass. Leiomyosarcoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis if mass-like lesions are observed in the urinary bladder, although this type of malignancy is rare in canines. Histopathological confirmation is important for predicting prognosis and determining further medical plans.

Ischiocavernosus Muscle Release for Urethral Obstruction Treatment after Pelvic Symphyseal Distraction Osteotomy in a Cat with Pelvic Stenosis.

Symphyseal distraction osteotomy (SDO) with a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) spacer is an effective surgical treatment for cats with pelvic stenosis. This study reports the successful treatment of urethral obstruction due to ischiocavernosus muscle (IM) tension after SDO with a PMMA spacer. A 2-year-old castrated male Korean domestic shorthair feline had megacolon and pelvic canal stenosis. The ratio of the maximal diameter of the colon to the L5 length and the pelvic canal diameter ratio were 1.6 and 0.45, respectively. Pelvic SDO was performed with a PMMA spacer, leading to pelvic canal enlargement (pelvic canal diameter ratio: 0.73). Two days after surgery, dysuria was identified immediately after removing the preoperatively placed urinary catheter. Complete blood counts and serum biochemical profiles were within the reference intervals, and a positive contrast retrograde urethrogram confirmed urethral obstruction at the level of the membranous-pelvic urethra region. Increased tension of the IM leading to a narrowed urethra was suspected as the cause of urethral obstruction. After IM release at the level of origin on the ischium, the patient had an uneventful recovery with spontaneous urination. Muscle release resulted in excellent functional restoration, with no intraoperative or postoperative complications reported during the 12-month long-term follow-up. Therefore, SDO with IM release could be a feasible therapeutic option for severe pelvic stenosis without complications, such as urethral obstruction, in cats.

Comparison between Novice and Experienced Surgeons Performing Corrective Osteotomy with Patient-Specific Guides in Dogs Based on Resulting Position Accuracy.

Corrective osteotomy has been applied to realign and stabilize the bones of dogs with lameness. However, corrective osteotomy for angular deformities requires substantial surgical experience for planning and performing accurate osteotomy. Three-dimensional printed patient-specific guides (3D-PSGs) were developed to overcome perioperative difficulties. In addition, novices can easily use these guides for performing accurate corrective osteotomy. We compared the postoperative results of corrective osteotomy accuracy when using 3D-PSGs in dogs between novice and experienced surgeons. We included eight dogs who underwent corrective osteotomy: three angular deformities of the radius and ulna, three distal femoral osteotomies, one center of rotational angle-based leveling osteotomy, and one corrective osteotomy with stifle arthrodesis. All processes, including 3D bone modeling, production of PSGs, and rehearsal surgery were carried out with computer-aided design software and a 3D-printed bone model. Pre- and postoperative positions following 3D reconstruction were evaluated by radiographs using the 2D/3D registration technique. All patients showed clinical improvement with satisfactory alignment and position. Postoperative accuracy evaluation revealed no significant difference between novice and experienced surgeons. PSGs are thought to be useful for novice surgeons to accurately perform corrective osteotomy in dogs without complications.

Caval foramen hernia in a dog: Preoperative diagnosis and surgical treatment.

A 13-year-old, 5.6-kg castrated-male Maltese was presented for reverse sneezing. A dome-shaped round mass abutting diaphragm was incidentally found ventral to caudal vena cava, which had the same echogenicity and density as that of the liver during ultrasonography and computed tomography, showing isoattenuation with a contrast study. Vascular distribution was identified throughout the mass. A caval foramen hernia (CFH) was diagnosed tentatively, followed by a herniorrhaphy and splenectomy of the chronically congested spleen. The patient had been doing well for 5-month postoperative but died because of aspiration pneumonia. CFH is an extremely rare condition, requiring surgery due to compression of the vena cava. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis when intrathoracic, mass-like lesions are identified near the diaphragm.

Surgical fenestration combined with omentalization for the treatment of renal cysts in 2 dogs.

Two cases of surgical fenestration combined with omentalization for canine renal cysts using laparotomy and laparoscopy are described. After surgery, the cystic lesions gradually diminished in size, and a complete regression was confirmed in Case 2 by ultrasonography. The dogs maintained good condition without clinical signs of renal compromise for 14 months (Case 1) and 24 months (Case 2). Omentalization is a simple and effective procedure for canine renal cysts that conserves the remaining parenchyma and can be performed by a laparoscopic approach.

Fenestration chirurgicale combinée à une omentalisation pour le traitement de kystes rénaux chez deux chiens. Deux cas de fenestration chirurgicale combinée à une omentalisation pour traiter des kystes rénaux canins utilisant la laparotomie et la laparoscopie sont décrits. Après la chirurgie, les lésions kystiques ont graduellement diminué en grosseur, et une régression complète fut confirmée par échographie dans le Cas 2. Les chiens ont maintenu une bonne condition sans signe clinique de complication rénale pendant 14 mois (Cas 1) et 24 mois (Cas 2). L'omentalisation est une procédure simple et efficace pour les kystes rénaux canins qui conserve le parenchyme restant et peut être réalisée par une approche laparoscopique.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Evaluation of an arthroscopic stifle lever for stifle joint distraction in toy breed dogs.

Arthroscopy has become an attractive modality in the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases in toy breed dogs. However, the application of arthroscopy is limited by small joint space. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a stifle lever for joint distraction during stifle arthroscopy in toy breed dogs. Paired stifles (n = 32 each) collected from 16 cadavers of toy breed dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the stifle lever group or the external manipulation group. All stifles underwent arthroscopic cranial cruciate ligament transection, and the visualization of the medial meniscus was evaluated. Medial meniscal release (MMR) was then performed. Following arthroscopic examination, the success rates of MMR and damages of tibial and femoral cartilages were evaluated. Visualization of the medial meniscus was significantly better, and meniscal probing was significantly easier, in the stifle lever group than in the external manipulation group (p = 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups for MMR success or articular cartilage damage. Using the stifle lever on arthroscopic examination improved visualization and probing on the medial meniscus in toy breed dogs. The stifle lever can be used as a good modality in assessing medial meniscal pathology in toy breed dogs.

Comparison of the effects of isoflurane versus propofol-remifentanil anesthesia on oxygen delivery during thoracoscopic lung lobectomy with one-lung ventilation in dogs.

This study compared effects of isoflurane inhalation (ISO) and propofol-remifentanil combined total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) on oxygenation during thoracoscopic lung lobectomy with 30-min one-lung ventilation (1LV). Thoracoscopic right middle lung lobectomy was performed in ten dogs divided into ISO and TIVA groups, and cardiopulmonary parameters were measured with blood gas analysis. Throughout the study, isoflurane was inhaled up to 1.5%, and the infusion rates of propofol and remifentanil were 0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and 6 to 11 µg/kg/h, respectively. Cardiac index was not affected in the ISO group, but it increased during 1LV in the TIVA group. There were significant alterations in arterial oxygen pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, oxygen content, and shunt fraction associated with 1LV in each group. However, oxygen delivery did not decrease significantly due to open chest condition, 1LV, or surgical maneuver in either group, rather it increased during 1LV in the TIVA group. All parameters showed no significant difference between groups. Pulmonary vascular resistant index was unaffected in both groups, and there was no difference between groups except in re-ventilation phase. Accordingly, the effect of both anesthetic regimens on oxygenation was not different between groups and can be used with short-term 1LV for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy in dogs.

The Effects of Static and Dynamic Loading on Biodegradable Magnesium Pins In Vitro and In Vivo.

Here we systematically assess the degradation of biodegradable magnesium pins (as-drawn pure Mg, as-cast Mg-Zn-Mn, and extruded Mg-Zn-Mn) in a bioreactor applying cyclical loading and simulated body fluid (SBF) perfusion. Cyclical mechanical loading and interstitial flow accelerated the overall corrosion rate, leading to loss of mechanical strength. When compared to the in vivo degradation (degradation rate, product formation, uniform or localized pitting, and stress distribution) of the same materials in mouse subcutaneous and dog tibia implant models, we demonstrate that the in vitro model facilitates the analysis of the complex degradation behavior of Mg-based alloys in vivo. This study progresses the development of a suitable in vitro model to examine the effects of mechanical stress and interstitial flow on biodegradable implant materials.

OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATION IN COMMON KESTRELS (FALCO TINNUCULUS) FROM SOUTH KOREA.

The purpose of this study was to establish reference ophthalmic findings in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Twenty healthy adult kestrels were included in this study. Ophthalmic examinations included slit lamp biomicroscopy, fundus exam, Schirmer tear test, conjunctival bacterial culture and isolation, corneal touch threshold, tonometry, and corneal diameter measurement. Mean tear production was 7.4 ± 3.27 mm/min, and mean intraocular pressure measured via applanation tonometry was 10.5 ± 3.15 mm Hg. In addition, the mean corneal touch threshold was 29.8 ± 20.1 mm, and the mean corneal diameter was 9.8 ± 1.1 mm. Of the 25 conjunctival swabs, 23 (92%) yielded bacterial growth. Most of these bacteria were gram positive (69.6%); the most predominant genus was Staphylococcus. This study presents reference values for ophthalmic examinations in common kestrels.

Arthroscopic detection of medial meniscal injury with the use of a joint distractor in small-breed dogs.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of a joint distractor in arthroscopy in small-breed dogs. Sixty stifle joints, which were collected from thirty cadavers, were used in this study. To simulate different injuries, no medial meniscal tear, a full-thickness vertical longitudinal tear, a partial-thickness vertical longitudinal tear, full- and partial-thickness vertical longitudinal tears, or a peripheral detachment were created on the caudal horn of the medial meniscus of each stifle joint along with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Each stifle joint then underwent arthroscopy with and without a joint distractor. The sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and correct classification rate (CCR) for the diagnosis of each type of medial meniscus pathology were calculated. For arthroscopy with and without a joint distractor, the Sn was 85% and 60%, the Sp was 96% and 92%, the PPV was 85% and 65%, the NPV was 96% and 90%, and the CCR was 94% and 86%, respectively. Arthroscopy is an effective diagnostic method for the assessment of medial meniscal pathologies in small-breed dogs, especially when performed with the aid of a joint distractor.

Laparoscopic kidney biopsy in dogs: Comparison of cup forceps and core needle biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of laparoscopic kidney biopsy with cup biopsy forceps in dogs (CupBF), and to compare to the use of a core biopsy needle (CoreBN). STUDY DESIGN: Experimental; randomized, controlled design. ANIMALS: Eight healthy, adult Beagle dogs. METHODS: Dogs were randomized to undergo laparoscopic biopsy of the right kidney using either 5 mm CupBF or a 16 gauge CoreBN. Intraoperative hemorrhage of the biopsy site was monitored. Biopsy quality was evaluated for tissue fragmentation and crushing, presence of renal cortex with or without medulla, and number of glomeruli. Postoperative packed cell volume, urinalysis, and ultrasonographic appearance of the biopsy site were evaluated. RESULTS: Biopsy specimens were obtained by both techniques and reliable hemostasis was achieved with direct compression in all dogs. The histologic score for CupBF biopsies was not significantly different from CoreBN biopsies. One CoreBN biopsy contained both renal cortex and medullar, while all CupBF biopsies contained cortex only. The mean (SD) number of glomeruli was significantly higher in CupBF biopsies [60 (9.1)] than CoreBN biopsies [26 (4.3)]. There was no gross hematuria, perirenal hematoma, or hydronephrosis in any dog postoperative. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic kidney biopsy in dogs using 5 mm cup biopsy forceps is feasible with minimal risk and more glomeruli obtained compared to laparoscopic kidney biopsy using 16 gauge core biopsy needles.

Treatment of a giant pulmonary emphysematous cyst with primary bronchoalveolar papillary carcinoma in a Shih Tzu dog.

OBJECTIVE: To report the surgical treatment of a pulmonary emphysematous cyst concurrent with primary pulmonary bronchoalveolar papillary carcinoma in a dog. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical case report. ANIMALS: 12-year-old 6.4 kg spayed female Shih Tzu dog. METHODS: The dog presented for surgical treatment of pulmonary emphysema. Radiography revealed that more than half of the left caudal lung lobe was enlarged and hyperlucent and computed tomography (CT) confirmed the presence of an emphysematous space. Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy was attempted but was converted to an intercostal thoracotomy due to poor visualization and pleural adhesions. A left caudal total lung lobectomy was performed using a self-cutting endoscopic stapler. RESULTS: The dog recovered uneventfully and a postoperative histopathologic diagnosis of pulmonary cystic bronchoalveolar papillary carcinoma was made. Re-evaluation using a CT scan with contrast study on postoperative days 27 and 177 revealed no evidence of residual, metastatic, or recurrent lesions. The dog has been doing well since surgery during the 11 month follow-up period. CONCLUSION: This case report suggests a potential relationship between pulmonary emphysematous diseases and primary lung tumors in dogs.

Primary B-Cell Lymphoma of Submandibular Lymph Node in a Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis ).

We describe a B-cell lymphoma of a submandibular lymph node with metastasis to the lung and facial subcutaneous tissues in a water deer ( Hydropotes inermis ). Neoplastic cells contained pleomorphic lymphocytes that were positive for CD79a, consistent with B-cell lymphoma. PCR for bovine leukemia virus was negative.